The Santa María Arch, an architectural gem of the city of Burgos, stands as a monument that has withstood the relentless march of time, maintaining its significance and beauty throughout the centuries. This article offers a comprehensive exploration of this historic monument, underscoring its importance, history, and unique features.
The Arch of Santa María, one of the most symbolic monuments in Burgos, has served for centuries as the principal gateway into the city. This archway connects the Santa María Bridge, spanning the Arlanzón River, to the square of King San Fernando and the Cathedral of Burgos. Furthermore, it signifies the culmination of the most emblematic promenade in Burgos: the Espolón Walkway.
The History of the Santa María Arch
The history of the Santa María Arch harks back to the reign of Alfonso XI, although a tower likely stood on the site from the late 13th century, serving to protect the city’s main bridge. The Arch of Santa María superseded an earlier 11th-century gate and is referenced in the Song of the Cid, where the Cid himself departs through it after offering prayers to Santa María.
In the 16th century, a façade was appended to the pre-existing edifice to commemorate the visit of Emperor Charles V to the city of Burgos, elevating its most notable entrance. The construction was brought to completion in 1553, with the positioning of the sculptures by Ochoa de Arteaga and the inscription’s carving. Since then, the Arch of Santa María has fulfilled various roles throughout history; it has served as a jail, the site of the town hall, and a provincial museum.
The Santa María Arch is not just a monument, but also a symbol of the city of Burgos. Its commanding presence and its rich history render it an indelible landmark for visitors.
But what is it that renders this arch so exceptional?
Exterior Appearance
The external aspect of the Santa María Arch, takes on the form of a triumphal arch, arranged as a grand altarpiece carved in limestone. The rounded archway is flanked by two large towers, and the ensemble is topped by a crenelated finish resembling a small castle. The façade takes the shape of an ‘altarpiece’, divided both vertically and horizontally into three tiers and three sections.
The Statues of the Santa Maria Arch
Foremost, its architecture is awe-inspiring. The arch is embellished with statues of distinguished figures from the annals of Burgos and Castilla.
On the lower level, at the center, stands the depiction of Count Diego Rodríguez Porcelos, the founder of the city of Burgos. Flanking him are Nuño Rasura and Laín Calvo, Judges of Castilla. On the upper level, surrounding Emperor Carlos V, are Fernán González to his right, and El Cid to his left.
Count Diego Rodríguez Porcelos
Diego Rodríguez Porcelos is primarily renowned as the founder of the city of Burgos, established in the year 884. This marked a significant milestone in Spanish history, as Burgos would morph into a vital hub of political and cultural activities in subsequent centuries. Its founding was no easy feat, but Diego Porcelos showcased remarkable resilience and strategic prowess that eventually allowed the project to materialize.
Beyond this accomplishment, he also played a crucial role in the Reconquista, the Christian kingdoms’ endeavor to reclaim control of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. He served as Count in the Kingdom of Castilla under the reign of Alfonso III of Asturias, and his leadership during this era was instrumental in advancing the Reconquista.
Nuño Rasura
Of humble origins, Nuño Rasura was a pivotal figure in shaping the Kingdom of Castilla. Elected as a judge by the free men of Bardulia, later named Castilla, he rose through the ranks to become a count. His leadership was paramount in Castilla’s territorial expansion and consolidation through repopulations, establishing and fortifying the region’s frontiers.
Laín Calvo
Laín Calvo is a crucial historical and legendary figure in the formation of Castilla and the identity of Spain. He emerged as a leader in a time of transition in the Iberian Peninsula, and his political and military influence was vital for Castilla’s expansion and consolidation. Although his life is shrouded in mystery, his legacy remains an integral component of Spanish history and culture.
Carlos V
Carlos V, born in 1500 in Ghent, was one of the most influential monarchs of his time, consolidating a vast Habsburg Empire that spanned territories in Europe and America. His reign coincided with the Protestant Reformation, and as a devout Catholic, he found himself at the forefront of the Counter-Reformation, striving to uphold religious unity in his empire.
Carlos V was constantly embroiled in military conflicts, including wars with France and the Ottoman Empire, as well as internal religious conflicts. He also fostered the exploration and colonization of the New World, permanently altering the global political and economic dynamics. Despite the challenges, his influence and legacy endure in the history of Europe and America.
Fernán González
Born in the 10th century, Fernán González was the first independent Count of Castilla, playing a vital role in shaping Castilla’s identity and, by extension, Spain’s. During his reign, he distinguished himself through his leadership in a period of ceaseless conflicts, managing to liberate Castilla from the control of the Kingdom of León and lead campaigns against the Muslims to expand Castilian territories.
El Cid Campeador
El Cid Campeador is more than a historical figure; his life and achievements symbolize a significant period of struggle and change in Spanish history, and his legacy continues to live in Spanish culture as a beacon of courage and justice.
The Interior of the Santa María Arch
Comprising two floors, the main hall has been transformed into an exhibition space where Mudejar plasterworks, adorned with ataurique decoration, are preserved.
Council Room
The Council Room, or the Secret Room, with its octagonal layout, is where the council of Burgos would convene until the late 18th century. This room houses various historical objects of value, such as a painting of El Cid and Doña Jimena by the Burgos-born painter Marceliano Santa María, a bone belonging to the Cid, a replica of his sword Tizona, and the standard measure of the Castilian rod.
Pharmacy Museum
The Arch of Santa María also hosts the Pharmacy Museum on its upper floor. This museum exhibits a collection of pharmaceutical jars dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries, originating from the pharmacy of the now-defunct Hospital of San Juan. This pharmacy was one of the most important in Spain, and recognized pharmacists such as Friar Tomás de Paredes and Friar Esteban de la Villa worked there.
Conclusion
The Santa María Arch, stands as a testament to the history of Burgos and as a monument that continues to captivate visitors with its beauty and historical significance. Whether your interests lie in architecture, history, or simply the allure of ancient monuments, the Arch of Santa María is a must-visit when in Burgos.
In summation, the Arch of Santa María is a monument boasting impressive architecture; the historical statues that embellish its façade and the treasures housed within make this arch an essential visit for anyone touring Burgos. Whether you are intrigued by history, architecture, or merely the beauty of ancient monuments, the Arch of Santa María is sure to leave a lasting impression.
